Karen Pendergrass, Standards Team

HIV patients on long-term therapy did not fully recover from gut dysbiosis regardless of immune response. Escherichia-Shigella and Blautia were higher in immunological responders, and Fusobacterium tracked with inflammation and poorer CD4 recovery.

Rifaximin reduced systemic inflammation (WBC and TNF-alpha) in a rat model and a 60-patient trial of severe acute pancreatitis, without lowering infection rates.

Among 130 patients with poorly controlled diabetes, those with latent tuberculosis had a distinct gut microbiome: Bacteroides, Alistipes and Blautia enriched, Prevotella, Streptococcus and Actinomyces depleted. A six-genus model predicted latent infection with 87 percent accuracy.

In a porcine melanoma model, both skin and gut microbiota showed reduced diversity and distinct bacterial community shifts as melanoma progressed.

Housing mice with humanized microbiomes together showed shared air and physical contact transmit gut bacteria between people and can blunt diet-driven weight gain.

A meta-analysis of 22,710 human gut metagenomes found that a higher "oral enrichment score," reflecting oral bacteria abundance in the gut, consistently marks disease states.

Stunted Indonesian toddlers carried a different gut microbiome and lower short-chain fatty acids than normal-length peers. Three genera, Lachnoclostridium, Faecalibacterium, and Veillonella, were consistently higher in stunted children at both study sites.

In people with HIV on treatment, the gut and blood aged faster biologically than in controls. Enriched pro-inflammatory, tryptophan-catabolizing bacteria tracked with accelerated aging, while depleted butyrate producers and lower gut integrity linked to it.

A high-fat diet drives gut bacteria to release leucine, which activates mTORC1 to generate cancer-promoting PMN-MDSCs in mice and breast cancer patients.

In 588 community-dwelling 27-year-olds, severe steatotic liver disease was tied to lower gut microbial diversity and depletion of butyrate-producing bacteria such as Coprococcus, Faecalibacterium, and Odoribacter. The pattern resembles other chronic inflammatory conditions, pointing to early microbiome changes before advanced liver disease.

Sini-San restored bile acid balance and gut microbiota diversity while reversing liver fibrosis in mice, an effect blocked by FXR knockout.

Functional constipation patients showed distinct gut microbiota and serum metabolomes, with more Bacteroides and butyrate producers alongside reduced arginine biosynthesis intermediates.

A smoking-related gut microbiota index predicted higher BMI and elevated risk of diabetes, cardiovascular events, and obesity-related cancers across two cohorts.

Functional constipation is marked by increased gut microbial diversity, shifts in genera like Intestinibacter and Akkermansia, and altered bile acid and porphyrin metabolite pathways.

In a crossover trial of 31 adults, a pectin-enriched smoothie shifted gut bacteria more in habitual low-fiber consumers than high-fiber consumers, and the pectin-enriched smoothie reduced one bacterial group in both cohorts. All shifts reverted to baseline after washout periods.

In a controlled human Shigella challenge, people who developed shigellosis lost more gut diversity and kept persistent microbiome changes after recovery, while those spared severe disease started with more short-chain-fatty-acid-producing taxa.

Probiotic supplementation reduced sex-specific nociceptive and gut microbial disruptions caused by prenatal opioid exposure in mice, with opioid-exposed females showing more Lactobacillus and less pain sensitivity than males.

Salivary microbiota diversity and composition, especially enrichment of Aggregatibacter, Pseudomonas, Bacteroides, and Ruminiclostridium, distinguished throat cancer patients from those with polyps or healthy controls.

In high-fat-diet mice, an ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor reduced hepatic steatosis and reshaped gut microbiota, an effect transferable via fecal transplant.

APC mutations appeared in 77 percent of colorectal cancer patients, and KRAS mutation status tracked distinct gut bacterial patterns.

A large shotgun-metagenomic study found over 30 percent of gut microbial species, genes, and pathways altered in Parkinson's disease, revealing widespread dysbiosis and disease-permissive microbial activity.

In mice, moderate exercise improved memory and hippocampal neurogenesis while intense exercise did not, following an inverted-U dose response. Transplanting feces from moderate runners into sedentary mice reproduced the cognitive and neurogenic gains, showing the gut microbiota carries the benefit.

A defined, metabolically competent microbial consortium reproduced fine flavour chocolate fermentation traits under controlled conditions, guided by pH, temperature, and microbiota composition.

Among 111 psychiatric inpatients, lower gut microbial richness and diversity tracked with greater depression and anxiety severity and predicted depression remission at discharge.