Karen Pendergrass, Standards Team

HTLV-1 infection and progression to HAM/TSP tracked with gut dysbiosis, an inverted Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, and reduced Faecalibacterium in the most affected patients.

A multi-strain Lactobacillus probiotic improved self-reported sleep quality, energy, and bowel movements while lowering oxidative stress in athletes and the general population.

Oral and gut microbiome shifts in Parkinson's disease coincide with downregulated glutamate and arginine biosynthesis genes and upregulated antimicrobial resistance genes.

In obese women losing equal weight, sleeve gastrectomy shifted the gut toward Bacteroidetes and reduced butyrate-producing bacteria, while a very low calorie diet did the opposite and raised butyrate producers.

In Nigerian women, high-risk HPV infection was linked to a vaginal microbiome low in Lactobacillus and rich in anaerobes, especially Prevotella and Leptotrichia. This association reached significance only in HIV-negative women, where reduced Lactobacillus carried a high LEfSe score.

Pediatric MS cases showed a distinct gut bacterial signature compared with controls, independent of overall community diversity, in this small case-control study.

Faecal metagenomic gene markers, validated with qPCR across four countries, distinguished colorectal cancer patients from controls with up to 0.84 AUC.

Across 100 women, loss of Lactobacillus dominance and enrichment of Sneathia and other anaerobes tracked with rising vaginal pH and worsening cervical disease. Only invasive cancer, not precancer, showed genital inflammation, and IL-36-gamma was uniquely tied to cancer regardless of microbiota.

In 68 obese and 47 lean adults, the obese gut was depleted of Methanobrevibacter smithii and Bifidobacterium animalis but enriched in Lactobacillus reuteri. Lactobacillus reuteri carried an adjusted odds ratio of 1.79 for obesity, while B. animalis and M. smithii tracked with normal weight. Note: this article was later retracted.

Gut microbial signatures distinguished intramucosal carcinoma from healthy controls with an AUC of 0.902 in a 250-person metagenomic cohort.

Analyzing nearly 2,000 US fecal samples, researchers found enterotype shaped T2DM risk, with Bacteroidaceae-dominant profiles showing the highest diabetes incidence.

In 15 women with anorexia nervosa, the gut was enriched in Enterobacteriaceae and the archaeon Methanobrevibacter smithii and depleted of Roseburia, Ruminococcus, and Clostridium, alongside lower fecal butyrate and propionate. Fecal butyrate inversely correlated with anxiety and depression scores.

Breast tumor microbial diversity fell versus normal tissue in Black women with triple negative cancer, but rose in White women.

Lower Streptococcus salivarius abundance tracked with asthma in both sexes, while Haemophilus linked to asthma only in men.

In Crohn's disease patients, butyrate-producing gut bacteria were depleted. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia inulinivorans, Ruminococcus torques, Blautia faecis and others fell versus healthy controls, and lower Roseburia inulinivorans and Ruminococcus torques tracked with active inflammation marked by raised C-reactive protein.

Gut microbiome profiles reliably distinguished vegan, vegetarian, and omnivore diets across 21,561 people, with red-meat-associated microbes like Bilophila wadsworthia linked to worse cardiometabolic health.

Colorectal cancer patients showed enriched Prevotella copri and Methanobrevibacter smithii, with depleted Bifidobacterium animalis and Ruminococcus, versus healthy controls.

RRMS patients showed enriched Pseudomonas, Mycoplana, Haemophilus, Blautia, and Dorea, while controls were enriched for Parabacteroides, Adlercreutzia, and Prevotella.

Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria rose while Firmicutes and Spirochaetes fell in colorectal cancer tissue, tracking with 246 differentially expressed genes.

Individual identity explained 45% of variation in canine skin microbiota composition, far more than skin site (19%) or breed (9%).

Gut microbiome profiling distinguished Crohn's disease from ulcerative colitis, identifying 68 disease-associated taxa and species whose abundance tracked with disease severity.

Among HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy, an NRTI+INSTI regimen was linked to systemic inflammation levels comparable to uninfected controls, unlike other regimens.

Islet cell transplantation increased gut fungal Candida albicans abundance, which drove M1 macrophage polarization and islet inflammation in T2D models.

A 16S and shotgun metagenomic comparison found constipated individuals depleted of Bacteroides, Roseburia, and Coprococcus, with metabolic shifts toward hydrogen production and methanogenesis.