Karen Pendergrass, Standards Team

Regorafenib plus toripalimab reached a 15.2% response rate and 15.5-month median survival in refractory microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer, and non-responders carried a higher baseline abundance of a Fusobacteria-phylum genus, which tracked with shorter progression-free survival.

In young South African children, age was the main driver of gut microbiota differences, while recent antibiotics and indoor wood or paraffin cooking fires were each linked to significantly lower bacterial diversity, marking these children as most at risk for dysbiosis.

In adults with type 2 diabetes, gastrointestinal autonomic neuropathy worsened gut dysbiosis, with patients marked by enriched Gammaproteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae, while type 2 diabetes without neuropathy was characterized by the phylum Fusobacteria.

After a 6-month sea voyage, seafarers showed significantly shifted gut microbiota, reduced predicted folate and biotin pathways, and 20 differential fecal metabolites, with the traveler's-diarrhea pathogen Plesiomonas rising and linked to increased acetylcholine.

In colorectal cancer patients, the tumor-adjacent microbiota differed sharply between the right and left colon, but the on-tumor microbiota was similar across sites, suggesting a cancer-defined bacterial community less shaped by location.

Higher gut Enterobacteriaceae was a shared feature across all gastric tumor types studied, diffuse and intestinal adenocarcinoma and stromal tumors, while diffuse adenocarcinoma showed the lowest microbiota diversity, hinting at a marker of aggressive disease.

In moderate-late preterm babies, socioeconomic status, maternal ethnicity, hospital of birth, and feeding shaped the early gut microbiome; breastmilk-fed infants had lower diversity, and day-10 differences largely faded by four months.

Daily full spectrum light therapy prevented food allergy-like allergic diarrhea in mice by restoring vitamin D and normalizing the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio; fecal transplants confirmed the allergic microbiota itself could transfer symptoms.

Across 521 samples from 203 COVID-19 patients, upper respiratory and gut microbiota were altered in ways tied to disease severity, with reduced respiratory diversity, a high antibiotic-resistance risk in the airway, and gut changes directly linked to SARS-CoV-2 abundance.

In allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients, engraftment gut microbiota depleted of Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae and enriched for Enterobacteriaceae correlated with a shifted Treg/Th17 balance, linking specific bacteria to acute graft-versus-host disease.

People with essential tremor had lower fecal propionic, butyric and isobutyric acid than healthy controls. A combined three-acid panel separated tremor patients from controls with an AUC of 0.751, and lower short-chain fatty acids tracked with worse constipation and tremor severity.

In normal-weight adults on a controlled diet, four weeks of 40 grams per day of resistant starch type 2 significantly reduced visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat, raised serum acetate and early-phase GLP-1 and insulin, and shifted the gut microbiota.

Treatment-naive children with ADHD showed a significant decrease in the fecal bacterium Faecalibacterium compared with healthy controls, and lower Faecalibacterium tracked with more severe parent-reported ADHD symptoms.

At the onset of acute graft-versus-host disease, severe cases showed sharply lower fecal short-chain fatty acids, with acetate down 75.8 percent, propionate down 95.8 percent, and butyrate down 94.6 percent, alongside depletion of Lachnospiraceae, Blautia, and Ruminococcaceae.

In 219 Saudi patients with inflammatory bowel disease, Veillonella and Lachnoclostridium were enriched in Crohn's disease versus controls, while Akkermansia, Harryflintia, Megamonas and Phascolarctobacterium best separated Crohn's from ulcerative colitis, showing region-specific microbiome signatures.

Probiotic supplementation reduced sex-specific nociceptive and gut microbial disruptions caused by prenatal opioid exposure in mice, with opioid-exposed females showing more Lactobacillus and less pain sensitivity than males.

A large shotgun-metagenomic study found over 30 percent of gut microbial species, genes, and pathways altered in Parkinson's disease, revealing widespread dysbiosis and disease-permissive microbial activity.

Functional constipation is marked by increased gut microbial diversity, shifts in genera like Intestinibacter and Akkermansia, and altered bile acid and porphyrin metabolite pathways.

In high-fat-diet mice, an ileal bile acid transporter inhibitor reduced hepatic steatosis and reshaped gut microbiota, an effect transferable via fecal transplant.

APC mutations appeared in 77 percent of colorectal cancer patients, and KRAS mutation status tracked distinct gut bacterial patterns.

Salivary microbiota diversity and composition, especially enrichment of Aggregatibacter, Pseudomonas, Bacteroides, and Ruminiclostridium, distinguished throat cancer patients from those with polyps or healthy controls.

HIV-infected patients showed significant gut dysbiosis, with lower Bacteroidetes and Faecalibacterium and higher Proteobacteria, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus compared to healthy controls.

In 44 stem cell transplant patients, fecal butyrate and indole levels tracked gut microbial diversity, and lower butyrate two weeks after transplant marked patients who developed bloodstream infections within 30 days.

A high-fat diet drives gut bacteria to release leucine, which activates mTORC1 to generate cancer-promoting PMN-MDSCs in mice and breast cancer patients.